Neocolonialism and Global South

The term neocolonialism was coined by Kwame Nkrumah, a former President of Ghana to explain the political, social and economic control which can be propagated culturally, linguistically and economically.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Neocolonialism and Global South specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The overall objective of the control is to enhance and promote the culture of the neocolonialist state(s) among the citizens of the targeted countries so as to get access to markets, labor and raw materials for corporations based in the neocolonialist state(s). The key pillars of neocolonialism therefore include globalization, capitalism and imperialism. Neocolonialism is contrasted with colonialism, which implies direct military and political control of one state by another in a ruler-ruled relationship (Bauer and Holowinska 72). Neocolonialism goes hand in hand with the concept of global divide which divide s the world into global north and global south. The powerful nations popularly known as the first world make up the global north. Such countries include the United States (US) and its allies who control the United Nations (UN) and are also members of the G8. The global north accounts for a quarter of world’s population but controls three quarters of world’s income. The citizens of such countries have access to education, health and shelter (Sartre 18). The global south on the other hand comprises the developing or undeveloped countries majorly in Africa, Asia and Latin America. These countries account for three quarters of world’s population but they only control a quarter of the world’s income. In the global south, the access to health, education and shelter is usually a privilege of the few. However, the global divide is not mainly influenced by geographical location of a country. If a country in Africa is able to compete economically with other western powers, it is put under the category of global north. Similarly, if a country in Europe is poor, it is put under the category of global south. In other words, the defining criteria is the economic stability of a country, not its geographical location.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Theoretical models for explaining neocolonialism Idealism theory In international relations and foreign policy, idealism is a political philosophy which entails the advancement of a particular ideology (political, social or economic) both at home and abroad, with the aim of promoting and safeguarding the interests of citizens of a country and those of citizens in other countries. Examples include the fight against poverty, HIV/AIDS and advocacy for democracy instead of dictatorship or authoritarianism as well as safeguarding of human rights. Realism theory This is a state centered i nternational relations theory which looks at states as the key actors in international politics. The theory is based on the works of historical writers such as Rousseau, Machiavelli and Thucydides (Edkins and Vaughan-Williams 43). The main argument of realism is that international relations are characterized by anarchy, in which nations interact for their selfish interests. Realism therefore negates the mutual understanding of nations in their relations and puts more emphasis on the struggle of nations to amass as much resources as possible in order to advance their own interests. With realism, economic success is the leading interest in international relations. The US and its allies are known to promote democracy in many parts of Africa. However, a critical look at the issue shows that in most cases, the US is only interested in having democratic leaders who can help it gain access to markets and raw materials. Leaders who are not ready to cooperate are labeled as criminals, terror ists and unfit to hold office. Such leaders and their countries are eventually slapped with economic sanctions and are also isolated by the international community. A good example is Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe whose country has been isolated by the international community. Globalization and neocolonialism Globalization can be defined as the minimization of the differences between people of the world and the maximization of their similarities through interactions, cooperation and communication.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Neocolonialism and Global South specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Before the world wars, the world was characterized by minimal interaction, communication, cross-border movements and language homogeneity. However, after the world wars, this situation changed. The changes were mainly triggered by the desire of nations of the world to unite in various spheres of development, mainly the economy, education, employment, environment and governance. The main driving forces of globalization were however the advancement in Information and Communication Technology (ICT), improved transport systems, liberalized trade as well as liberalized immigration policies. Globalization has made it possible for any person to work, study, marry and stay in any part of the world irrespective of his or her culture. After the world wars, a new form of globalization emerged. This was triggered by the new desire to unite the world through the three main development pillars, namely social, political and economic pillars. Many states thought that the world wars were mainly caused by poor interaction between the nations, arguing that many countries did not care harming others as a result of the old economic philosophy which pegged development on elimination of rivals rather than the cooperation between stakeholders. The contemporary form of globalization is characterized by the liberalization of trade, the emergence of multinational corporations as well as emergence of global institutions like the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and other UN affiliated institutions. The advancement in ICT has transformed the world into a global village. Through ICT and improved means of transport, people are more than ever able to do business with each other without any form of barriers. The developed countries have been in the forefront in propagating the idea of globalization. These countries led by the US usually view the developing countries as their imperial territories. They always ensure that there are in place rules and regulations governing the economic, social and political endeavors of the developing countries (Gills and Thompson 175).Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They know that with a global culture in place, they are able to remain ahead by using resources from the developing and the undeveloped countries for their economic, social and political progress (Baylis, Smith and Owens 90). The developing countries are known as the markets of the western culture. Culture in this context is taken to mean business, educational, political and governance ideas. Many developing countries in Africa are known to have embraced what is referred to as export based agriculture at the expense of subsistence agriculture. This has led to recurrent food shortages in many developing countries (Buckman 42). The trend began in early 1980s through what were referred to as Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPS), which required countries in Africa and Asia to embrace economic development at the expense of social and political development (Kelsey 95). This led to the ever rising levels of poverty and population growth rates in the developing world, forcing them to compl y with the policies of the new world order for the fear of economic and political sanctions from the developed countries (Konadu-Agyemang 219). The undeveloped countries are those which have high poverty levels and illiteracy. Most of these countries are found in Africa and are described as living in the wrong civilization or being uncivilized. These countries are the best dumping sites for western culture. Most of the undeveloped countries are characterized by poor governance, ethnic strife and lack of basic social amenities. Many analysts have however argued that the poverty and lack of infrastructure in the undeveloped countries can be attributed to the imperial nature of their relationships with their developed counterparts. Forms of Neocolonialism Colonialism was very popular during the 19th century when the British, the US and other western powers scrambled for resources for their industries in the developing and undeveloped countries. They used the ideas of religion and educa tion to penetrate and gain control over the countries especially in Africa where there were no formal governments and institutions. Some western powers even went ahead to use the Africans as slaves due to ignorance of the African people. With time, colonization was slowly brought to an end following the end of world wars. However, what the Africans and the developing countries did not know was that only flags of their countries changed. Some political analysts have described the independence of many African and Asian countries as â€Å"independence of the flag†, meaning that even though the countries are independent, they can only exercise that independence to the extent of self governance alone. What this means is that the countries are literally colonized but through ideas. It can therefore be argued that even though many developing countries were granted permission to govern themselves, their former colonies still maintained high economic, social and political dominance in their former colonies. One of the ways in which neocolonialism has been propagated is through what is referred to as the odious debt. This is a debt which is incurred when a loan is given to a poor country but fails to benefit the citizens due to corruption by the leaders. Such countries also lack a clear economic policy to regulate investment, taxation and foreign debt. The developed countries benefit from the debts because they charge high interest rates on the loans, which are not used for the economic progress of the poor countries but are misappropriated by the corrupt leaders. These dictators in return become loyal to the countries which give them the loans and thus the developed countries get an opportunity to exploit the markets, labor and raw materials of the developing countries. There are also double standards even on genuine loans when it comes to repayment. When a country like the US gives a loan to another country like Germany or France, the loan is repaid with very l ittle interest or even interest free. However, when the same loan is given to a developing country, it is repaid with interest which is three to five times higher than what France or Germany would pay. The aim is to ensure that the developing countries do not become economically independent. Neocolonialism is also propagated using international institutions like the IMF. This institution was formed with an aim of liberalizing the world’s economy to enable the developing countries get loans for their development (Kegley 46). However, the problem with the IMF is that it gives loans to the developing countries with strings attached. One example to illustrate this is Jamaica, which was given a loan by IMF in 1977 to reconstruct the economy which had disintegrated in 1970. However, the condition of the loan was that Jamaica was supposed to eliminate all labor laws and especially the law on minimum wage. This paved way for exploitation of the citizens by multinational corporations which underpaid the citizens of Jamaica. The idea of International Law and neocolonialism International law refers to the set of laws or principles which govern the relationships between sovereign states (Fichtelberg 76). It was initially formed to govern the manner in which nations related to each other with a view of improving their relationships in regard to specific issues. International law initially took the form of treaties and agreements between states, which were either bilateral or multilateral. The protection of human rights moved the international law to create the international criminal court to try the perpetrators of crimes against humanity. Since its formation, the court has investigated several perpetrators of crimes against humanity like Charles Taylor of Liberia, Slobodan Milosevic of Yugoslavia and has issued a warrant of arrest against Sudanese president Omar Al Bashir for the chaos and atrocities in the Darfur region of the Sudan. However, the court has attract ed criticism from political analysts who have accused it of double standards in that it only targets the developing countries. The super powers of the world like the US, which refused to be a signatory to the Rome statute which formed the court, have never been subjected to the court’s jurisdictions despite the fact that they have committed crimes of aggression against other states like the Iraq invasion in 2003. My prescription on how the international community should deal with the issue of neocolonialism is for international institutions such as the UN and its affiliated institutions to ensure that the international law is followed to the letter. The UN in particular should seek to empower the developing and undeveloped countries with social, political and economic resources for them to resist any attempts of neocolonialism by the US and its allies. Works Cited Bauer, Franziska, and Magdalena Holowinska. Colonialism and Neo-Colonialism. München GRIN: Verlag GmbH, 2009. Print. Baylis, John, Steve Smith, ‎ and Patricia Owens‎. The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print. Buckman, Greg. Globalization: Tame it or Scrap it? : Mapping the Alternatives of the Anti-Globalization Movement. London: Zed Books, 2004. Print. Edkins, Jenny, and Nick Vaughan-Williams. Critical Theorists in International Relations. London: Routledge, 2009. Print. Fichtelberg, Aaron. Law at the Vanishing Point: A Philosophical Analysis of International Law. Farnham GU9 7PT: Ashgate Publishing, 2005. Print. Gills, Barry, and William Thompson ‎. Globalization and Global History; Rethinking Globalizations. London: Routledge, 2006. Print. Kegley, Charles. World Politics: Trend and Transformation. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. Kelsey, Jane. International economic regulation. Sheffield: Ashgate Publishers, 2002. Print. Konadu-Agyemang, Kwado. IMF and World Bank Sponsored Str uctural Adjustment Programs in Africa: Ghana’s Experience, 1983-1999.Voices in Development Management. Sheffield: Ashgate Publishers, 2001. Print. Sartre, Jean-Paul. Colonialism and Neocolonialism. New York: Routledge, 2001. Print. This research paper on Neocolonialism and Global South was written and submitted by user Julissa C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

John Pitner as an Extremist essays

John Pitner as an Extremist essays Political and religious extremism has been present for probably the same amount of time as religion and politics themselves and has recently become the focus of a lot of studies, research, and more of the extremists themselves than the phenomena, investigation. Just as appealing, it would seem, is a racist ideology that is so often an affiliate in the meaning system that extremists so deeply believe in. John Pitner, the focus of Lone Patriot by Jane Kramer, was an extremist who, along with his followers and the people whom he followed after, would have been proud to die in a resistance of the New World Order, who truly believed in his cause. From a cultural perspective, John was not abnormal, nor was his meaning system so far-fetched that it would immediately alarm you. He was not big on discrimination, as defined in 1998 in a compilation by sociologist Ken Wilson as the non-equal treatment of a person/s based solely on their membership in a social category, but he somehow maintained a rather ethnocentric view of the world. He didnt object to homosexuals, blacks, Jews, Indians or women. G. Myrdal, who wrote The American Dilemma in 1944, pointed out a typically formatted theory on the treatment of Americans. The first of two components is labeled preachment vs. practice, a concept in which everyone is treated equally and fairly, demonstrated by John Pitner saying in one of his pitches that the Washington State Militia welcomed all races, religions, sexes, and things of that nature. This is where the second part of Myrdals theory engages: ideals vs. reality. This is the part that recognizes that in reality people do not practice equal and fair treatment of each other; this is the part where John Pitner later describes a black man who showed up at a militia meeting to Kramer as an attempt to infiltrate by a black individual. The ideals spoken of as essential and unquestionable, which seem so bas...

Is there anything we can do to save the environment Essay

Is there anything we can do to save the environment - Essay Example Various aspects of going green can be used in such an initiative. To begin with, the world should start by the initiative of planting trees. Over the last decade, the world has experienced massive deforestation, where many trees are used as a source of energy, raw materials, and other uses. This has had a dire effect on the climate change, especially when looking at the ratio of gases in the air. With massive deforestation, the numbers of trees that purify the air are reduced. As such, there will be excessive carbon in the air. This will pose a danger to environmental conservation, as the initiatives will not be optimized. To rectify such a situation, there is a need to reflect on the positivity of planting trees on large scale (Cook 140). For example, the late Professor Wangari Maathai initiated the Greenbelt movement. This was an initiative to help in conserving the environment from the forecasted climate change. Through the initiative, she was awarded a Nobel Prize. This shows tha t the world is appreciating such initiatives in ensuring the world is conserved to the highest limits. Secondly, there is a need to stop deforestation. Many countries across the globe have initiated strict penalties on deforestation, as it is a threat to the world’s ecosystems. Therefore, this initiative should be enhanced in the whole world, as it will be a prudent approach in conserving the environment. According to research, the population of trees in the world has been drastically reducing.

Relational Data Model Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Relational Data Model - Assignment Example The attribute "is leader" should be removed from the table Candidate because this information already exists in the table Party. It is possible to get to know if a Candidate is leader of any party with looking through references to leaders in the table Party. .. First_name Middle_name Last_name address gender date of birth Party Pk_id Fk_leader name address date established Candidate Pk_id Fk_electorate Fk_party First_name Middle_name Last_name address gender date of birth is leader Second normal form (2NF) further addresses the concept of removing duplicative data: Meet all the requirements of the first normal form. Remove subsets of data that apply to multiple rows of a table and place them in separate tables. Create relationships between these new tables and their predecessors through the use of foreign keys. (Chapple 2005) So, personal information, such as name (first, middle, last), address, gender, and date of birth can be taken apart into separate table Person. It also should have a primary key named Pk_id. Then tables Elector and Candidate should reference to it via secondary (foreign) key Fk_person. Therefore there are 5 tables in the relational database schema for the 2NF: Person Pk_id First_name Middle_name Last_name address gender date of birth Electorate Pk_id unique name number of registered voters Elector Pk_id Fk_electorate Fk_party_vote Fk_candidate_vote Fk_person Party Pk_id Fk_leader name address date established Candidate Pk_id Fk_electorate Fk_party Fk_person is leader Third normal form (3NF) goes one large step further: Meet all the requirements of the second normal form. Remove columns that are not dependent upon the primary key. (Chapple 2005) The attribute "is leader" should be removed from the table Candidate because this information already exists in the table Party. It is possible to get to know if a Candidate is leader of any party with looking through references to leaders in the table Party. There's no attributes that are not dependent upon the primary key. Here are

Strucural adjustment and ideology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strucural adjustment and ideology - Essay Example the IMF affect small countries needing assistance, and the addition of the Structural Adjustments furthers the affect that certain policies have on them. The Structural Adjustments will be closely looked at by viewing a country that has needed to secure funds from the IMF. When the IMF and the World Bank began to implement Structural Adjustments, the goal was simple. The goal is to decrease the fiscal imbalance while also decreasing the countries overall poverty rate. What the IMF does to decrease imbalance in the shortest possible time frame is to implement a free market system. This free market system is believed to have a positive effect on the countries financial outlook. The IMF however does not take account the negative aspects that surround a free market system.(Danaher, 65) While there have been some changes, the major tenants are the same. Afghanistan, a country that is embroiled in war is also a country that the IMF has assisted as of December 2011. The policy is that if certain criteria are followed, Afghanistan will be out from all external debt in six years. Not only do the initial requirements to gain funding difficult to achieve, the entire program has fundamental changed how Afghanistan views money, most of it now negatively. When Afghanistan first requested to be in the program, their debt to export ratio had to exceed 200% and/or their debt to government revenues had to exceed 280%. These figures arguably are arbitrary and therefore restrictive for the requesting nation. In addition on of the major tenants of the IMF is that a free market, without much governmental oversight be created. This upset the people of Afghanistan, as previously all of their industry was controlled by internal forces, versus external corporations and other countries. Another requirement of the IMF is that most state owned resources, utilities and industries become privatized. In Afghanistan this caused many issues as there is a tradition of state owned

Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation Acquisition

Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation Acquisition Meredith Sigmon Based on my understanding of negotiation strategy and planning, I think Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation has prepared quite well for the acquisition negotiation. In my understanding of the reading, Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation had covered a broad range of information in order to enter negotiations. They had information about the parent companies, how they came to be, the stockholders, profiles of the stockholders, and several other tidbits. If they did overlook or left anything out, I wouldnt be aware as I have no idea how any of this works. I think Corporate Transfer Services will huddle and come back with amendments to the offer. I think they want to sell but dont want to seem to anxious to settle and will try and get a little more out of Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation. Corporate Transfer Services responded by saying they wanted five million, not an estimated $420,000. Their response was not as I expected. I thought they would go closer to one million asking price but they went well above that. I, personally, think Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation should not laugh and then start to present how they got to the numbers they got to. They did their share of research and know that five million absurd. I am sure Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation had prepared for a little wiggle room to make a second offer but not to accommodate what Corporate Transfer Services is asking for. Corporate Transfer Services based their selling price off what another employee relocation company had sold for. They did not take into consideration their own personal business and just based their selling price off what another company had sold for not looking into if they had any similarities to the other company. I dont think Corporate Transfer Services went into this with nearly anywhere close to the amount of information and studying that Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation had. Corporate Transfer Services took the easy way out hoping they would just put a number on the table and it would work. They didnt look at their actually numbers and what they were worth to make an educated counter offer. I think Randall and Dolan should lay out exact what they found and how they came to the offering number they did. I think by showing Corporate Transfer Services how they came to the number they did, it would show Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation how they dont really have the power to ask for the outrageous amount that they did. I think Corporate Transfer Services will get scared. They see their only opportunity to sell walking out the door because they were not prepared. I think they will get the fourth owner back in and have an emergency meeting to come up with a solution. It is clear Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation isnt going to waste their time arguing with someone who has no idea about their own company and I think that will scare Corporate Transfer Services into actually looking at what they have to offer. I think this could go in Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation favor drastically now because Corporate Transfer Services was just schooled on their own MetroNet. That would make me double think what I actually knew about my company and maybe how badly I needed to take this offer because they might not get another offer of this magnitude, if ever getting one again. I think Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation should sit back and wait. I feel like they put a little scare into Corporate Transfer Services and they now have the advantage in the bargaining field. They had the information they needed and did their homework so when Corporate Transfer Services tried to make an uneducated statement Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation schooled them on their own company. If Corporate Transfer Services doesnt come back with a solution within the next 12 hours, or when Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation leaves then trash the deal. If Corporate Transfer Services really wants to sell they will have to cater to Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation now. I like Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporations negotiating strategy. I think they are doing what they need to do at this point. It was clear Corporate Transfer Services didnt think this threw and Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation isnt having it. They know that the advantage is now theirs. I dont think it will backfire because Corporate Transfer Services wants to sell, desperately. Each of the members had a reason to want to sell and it was a collective decision. I dont think they have another offer to even consider and if they dont sell now they may not ever. I think Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporation should take the new offer back to Philadelphia and wait. They should counter offer with a little lower than their ceiling of $600,000 to still leave a little wiggle room.   I would go back with $500,000 over and make it the final offer. I feel like the most important aspect of Capital Mortgage Insurance Corporations negotiating strategy was the research and knowledge that they prepared themselves with. They didnt leave any stone unturned in their research and went into negotiations with as much knowledge that could handle. I think this is what, eventually, lead to them getting exactly what they wanted and still staying within their range of bargaining they originally set.

The ICU as an Effective Learning Environment Essay -- Nursing Reflecti

Learning is the lifelong process of transforming information and experience into knowledge, skills, behaviors and attitudes. It may occur as part of education, personal development or training. According to Hinchliff (1999), there are many factors that can give and affect the quality of learning such as students, teachers and the environment. Meanwhile, learning environment itself is the physical or virtual setting in which learning takes place. Hannafin, Land & Oliver (1999) described learning environment as a typically constructivist in nature, engaging learners in â€Å"sense-making† or reasoning about extensive resource set, including four components which are enabling context, resources, a set of tools and scaffolds. This paper is going to discuss the significance of my clinical area as a context for learning and how myself as practitioner can give to an effective learning environment. I have been a critical care nurse working in intensive care unit for almost seven years. I am graduated from local nursing school in 2002. At first, I worked on a regular hospital floor. One year later, I came to intensive care unit and obtained my intensive care post basic certificate in 2006. I was attracted to critical care nursing because of the challengers and the environment. Here in the intensive care unit my nursing skills and role continues to evolve. The intensive care unit is at a very strategic location and in the second floor where immediate transportation of patient is available from all departments and wards. The unit is staffed and equipped to a high standard to give quality care to the patient. The unit is divided into two adjacent clinical areas. Open plan area with ten bedded spaces and isolation room with two bedded spa... ... into people’s actions and feelings and can be a resource for helping people to improve their lives. The continuing in the students experiences at practice area are important in creating a welcoming learning environment. This can be achieved through a regular daily schedule and group support by involving staffs, unit sisters, doctors and specialists that have different level of knowledge and experiences. Finally, promoting a sense of community within the hospital and the practice area is an essential element to a welcome and supportive social climate. To end, this paper has identified my clinical area as context for learning in which it offers great learning opportunities although there are some limitations. A few recommendations have been highlighted to improve the quality of learning in the future.

Initial Public Offering Paper Essay

The focus of this paper is to examine and research the financing issues that an organization must face when going public. The team has selected Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. as the organization which has had an initial public offering in the last three years. The learning team will address registration, disclosure, and compliance issues and cost of issuance. In addition, the team will examine the impact on ownership control and return as well as the source and application of funds. Financing Issues that an Organization Faces When Going PublicAn Initial Public Offering (IPO), is extremely expensive for organizations. It is common for a small business to pay between $50,000 and $250,000 to organize and publicize an offering. According to Paul G. Joubert, author of The Portable MBA in Finance and Accounting, IPO claims between 15 and 20 percent of the proceeds of the sale of stock (IPO Forum, 2008). Some other costs associated with going public include lead underwriter’s commission, expenses for legal and accounting services, printing costs and filing costs with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Organizations may have ongoing expenses for legal, accounting and filing services (IPO Forum, 2008). Issues Impacting Dividend Policies and Constraints on Dividend Payments A firm must examine all financing and investment issues before determining the proper payout of dividends for their organization. Some organizations’ opt to pay out smaller cash dividends to reserve earnings for future expansion. It is ideal for an organization to start with smaller payouts, and continue with conservative dividends per share. This payout decision is a result of the organization’s capital budgeting decision. Another option for payout of dividends is to finance a large portion of their capital expenditures. This will free up cash that the organization can pay out to shareholders. This payout decision is a result of the decision to borrow for the organization’s growth (Brealey, Myers, and Marcus, 2007). Chipotle Chipotle Mexican Grill, INC. is a â€Å"fast-casual† restaurant. It offers customers the quality food they would receive in a restaurant with â€Å"fast-food† style quickness. The first opening was in 1993 by the founder  and CEO Steve Ells. They serve very few things but claim to provide thousands of options. Their base choices are burritos, burrito bowls, tacos, and salads. Chipotle’s culture is â€Å"Food With Integrity† which involves using â€Å"unprocessed, seasonal, family-farmed,.naturally made, added hormone free, organic, and artisanal†, in the words of Chipotle.com. Chipotle claims there products to better, all the way from dairy to meat. They only purchase from farms in which the animals are treated humanely and naturally raised. This philosophy has allowed Chipotle to grow from one location in 1993 to 670 in 2007 as well as compete in the fastest growing industry in restaurants (Chipotle, 2008). Registration, Disclosure and Compliance Issues Chipotle filed a form S-1/A with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission on December 23, 2003. Two securities were registered under the filing as follows: Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share, offered by the registrant and Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share, offered by the selling shareholder. ( Form S-1/A ,2005) Common stock offered by the registrant is at a Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price of $1 million dollars and a registration fee of $11,770. The Proposed Maximum Aggregate Offering Price of the common stock offered by the selling shareholder is $49.5 million (over allotment selling to the underwriters, if any, factored in to total) with a registration fee of $5,296.50. A total of 78,78,788 shares is included in the IPO and broken down by 60,60,606 from Chipotle Mexican Grill, INC and 18,18,182 from McDonalds Ventures, LLC as the selling shareholder. Chipotle intends to list their common stock on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol â€Å"CMG† and selling price is between $15.50 and $17.50 per share. (Form S-1/A ,2005)Disclosure is the release of relevant information. (Disclosure ,2008) In Chipotle’s SEC filing they disclosed the prospectus statement, financial data, and future plans. Through there prospectus statement Chipotle makes it c lear that they are set apart from other chains by serving â€Å"Food with Integrity†. However, there are risks involved in investing, they are as follows: the number of new stores rapidly being established, lack of independent operating history, ability to continue to grow and profit, and  health and safety concerns regarding the ingredients used among others. Although the risk factors are in place, Chipotle’s financial data provides more assurance of returned profit on investment. In their â€Å"Rapidly Improving Financial Performance† section of the SEC filing they state a 130% increase in revenue in 2004 of 470.7 million up from 2002 and 49% up from 2003. And, average sales in new restaurants after 90 trading days increased 24.9% a total of $303,390. From 2002-2004 Chipotle opened a total of 237 stores. Their increased financial growth is attributed to â€Å"word-of-mouth† sales and quicker implementation of Chipotle culture in the area of the new restaurant. Also, more people are aware of Chipotle, thus increasing average opening sales.( Form S-1/A ,2005) The future plans of Chipotle is to expand operations and sales by opening new stores. They forecast opening a total of 75 stores in 2005 of which 58 were already opened at the time of the SEC filing. In order to expand sales they plan to implement an online method of ordering and increasing fax lines to accommodate heavier traffic without causing service to suffer. And, create new food options with existing ingredients. Through filing the SEC Chipotle is in compliance with the securities act of 1933 through rule 457 by following registration fee rules. (Compliance, 2008) Cost of Issuance A company filing an IPO must select underwriters in order to issue their stock. The underwriters purchase the stock and sell it at a slightly higher price than what they bought it for. They are responsible for all shares allotted, not including over allotment, and are not reimbursed for shares not sold at initial offer price. Chipotle’s underwriters areMorgan Stanley & Co. IncorporatedSG Cowen & Co., LLCBanc of America Securities LLCCitigroup Global Markets Inc. J.P. Morgan Securities Inc. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & SmithIncorporatedA.G. Edwards & Sons, Inc. RBC Capital Markets CorporationSunTrust Capital Markets, Inc. Wachovia Capital Markets, LLC(Form S-1/A ,2005)Chipotle Mexican Grill, INC. did not disclose the cost of issuance in the SEC filing. Impact on Ownership Control and ReturnChipotle had filed their IPO October 25th, 2005. Seeking $121.4 Million, Morgan Stanley and SG Cowen & Co., LLC they auctioned their shares. Clarifying some of the details behind its highly anticipated stock offering, Chipotle estimated its market value to be as high as $121. 4 Million, Chipotle will remain majority owned by McDonald’s Corp. (Chipotle.com, 2008). On its first day as a public company, Chipotle stock rose exactly 100%, closing at $44.00 per share. On September 8, 2006 McDonald’s Corp. announced it had started an offer for its shareholders to exchange McDonald’s stock for shares of Chipotle Mexican Grill. The exchange allowed McDonald’s shareholders to acquire Chipotle shares at a 10 percent discount. The offer is capped at a level of 0.9157 Chipotle shares for each McDonald’s share exchanged owned by McDonalds Corporation. On October 13, 2006, McDonald’s Corp. completed a tax-free swap of class B common stock in Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. (NYSE:CMG), for its own common stock. McDonald’s Corp. has now fully divested its investment in Chipotle. Source and Application of FundsWhen it comes to an IPO, the initial funds come from an investment banking firm referred to as an underwriter. The underwriter provides the financial advice to the company, buys the stock from the company, and then resells it to the public. Depending on the size of the IPO and number of stocks being offered, the company may have one underwriter or multiple underwriters. Before the stocks can be sold, they must be registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The primary responsibilities of the SEC are to enforce federal securities laws and to regulate stocks and the stock market. The company must also decide whether to trade the stocks on either the New York Stock Exchange or NASDAQ. This would be the secondary and future source of funds. When Chipotle decided to go public, they had two underwriting companies as their primary underwriters: Morgan Stanley and SG Cowen & Co. LLC. Chipotle originally planned to sell 6.3 million shares at $15.50 to $17.50 per share but ended up changing at the last minute to 6.3 million shares at $22 per share. In the end the offering raised approximately $133M in primary capital to fund new store growth. In conclusion, organization’s must take into consideration many financial issues and decisions when going public. Many of these financial issues will be ongoing, and have to be taken into consideration when determining dividend payout to shareholders. Reference(s) Brealey, R., Myers, S., and Marcus, A. (2007). Fundamentals of corporate finance. (5th ed.). [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text] New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Retrieved February 9, 2008 from University of Phoenix, rEsource, FIN325-Financial Analysis for Managers II Web site. Chipotle (2008) Chipotle.com Investor Relations. Retrieved on February 10, 2007 from,http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=194775&p=irol-homeProfile&t=&id=&Compliance (2008) Compliance Definitions. Retrieved on February 10, 2008 from, http://www.investorwords.com/5468/compliance.htmlDisclosure (2008) Disclosure definition. Retrieved on February 11, 2008 from,http://www.investorwords.com/1469/disclosure.htmlForm S-1/A (2005) Chipotle Mexican Grill. INC SEC Filing. Retrieved on February 10,2007 from, http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=194775&p=irol-sec&secCat01.1_rs=241&secCat01.1_rc=10#Initial Public Offering Forum. (n.d.). Initial public offering. Retrieved February 11, 2008 from http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/small/Inc-Mail/Initial-Public-Offerings.html

Does an Item’s History and Origin Make It Inevitably American? Essay

I would say yes and no, as far as fast food I would say yes; during my time in the military I came across a lot of fast food chains. Mainly McDonalds, but what really surprised me was when I went to Singapore; they had Burger King, Subway, and KFC. When I saw KFC, I had to try it just to see if it was like America, and it was. I mean they didn’t have these restaurants near the pier where the ships pull in, they were out in town. Hard Rock Cafà © and Planet Hollywood are other places are other examples of why I say yes. When it comes to music, other countries watch MTV and Hip Hop is really big. I was watching a Hip Hop award show and noticed that they had rappers from other countries rapping in their language, I was amazed. As far as TV shows and movies I would say no; we as Americans are running out of ideas, meaning we are now copying shows from other countries. American Idol and XFactor are two examples of why I say no, both shows were knock offs from Britain shows. When it comes to films I never knew how many movies we (meaning Americans) have taking foreign movies and put a twist on them until I was working at Blockbuster videos. I can name two movies that were copied; â€Å"Let Me In† came out in 2010 is a American romantic horror film which is based on the 2008 Swedish film â€Å"Let the Right One In†. The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is a 2009 Swedish drama thriller film based on a Swedish novel; in 2011, an American version was in the theaters. I hope my examples justify why I say yes and no.

Free Essays on One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest- Not In Our Schools

suggests the fact that the novel was intended to be read but an older more mature audience. There are numerous examples of inappropriate language being used by almost every character in the novel. An interesting fact to point out is that the man that we cheer for, McMurphy, the protagonist of the book is the one who uses this language most often. He is the one person that we learn to love because he stands up to the authority figure, Miss Ratchet. All the people in the ward want to be like him and we are made to feel this way as well. McMurphy’s behavior promotes rebellion against authority which if acted upon can put our society in a state of utter chaos, as seen in the ward. Violence and disturbing behavior are also in abundance in this novel. There are a number of accounts of disturbing behavior, this consists of the nurse trying to intimidate and embarrass the patients to keep them under control. It shows that a single person can control many through manipulation and carefully thought out actions. It is amazing that she can keep these patients in the ward even though the want to leave and can leave freely at any time. She has such a strangle hold on them, making them rely on the ward to survive. It’s through her manipulation and tr... Free Essays on One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest- Not In Our Schools Free Essays on One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest- Not In Our Schools One flew over the cuckoo’s nest is a well written and provocative novel, that has no place in our schools. The novel should not be permitted in our schools because the language is offensive, there is an abundance of violence and disturbing behavior, and it shows no positive side aspect of not only life in a ward but also of society. The language in one flew over the cuckoo’s nest is atrocious and vulgar. The language that the author uses to convey the feelings of the patients and members of the ward is degrading and unnecessary. There are numerous opportunities for the author to portray his mind-set and the mind-set of the characters with the use less offensive words. The use of these words suggests the fact that the novel was intended to be read but an older more mature audience. There are numerous examples of inappropriate language being used by almost every character in the novel. An interesting fact to point out is that the man that we cheer for, McMurphy, the protagonist of the book is the one who uses this language most often. He is the one person that we learn to love because he stands up to the authority figure, Miss Ratchet. All the people in the ward want to be like him and we are made to feel this way as well. McMurphy’s behavior promotes rebellion against authority which if acted upon c an put our society in a state of utter chaos, as seen in the ward. Violence and disturbing behavior are also in abundance in this novel. There are a number of accounts of disturbing behavior, this consists of the nurse trying to intimidate and embarrass the patients to keep them under control. It shows that a single person can control many through manipulation and carefully thought out actions. It is amazing that she can keep these patients in the ward even though the want to leave and can leave freely at any time. She has such a strangle hold on them, making them rely on the ward to survive. It’s through her manipulation and tr...

Attitude, Legislation, and Litigation on Special Education Essay

Attitude, Legislation, and Litigation on Special Education - Essay Example The thrust of the special education movement has been to give students with disabilities access to a general education, remove the stigma of being labeled, and create methods to monitor and measure the success of these programs. The 1975 act was originally known as the Education for the Handicapped Act (EHA) and was designed to give students with disabilities a free education in the least restrictive environment possible (Special education laws, 2005). Subsequent amendments have been aimed at broadening the definition of disabled to include visual impairment and making provisions for including these students in regular classes when possible. Physical and mental challenges have historically been stigmatized and labeling has often been used as a detrimental tool to exclude students from normal activities. The 1975 Act was passed to reduce these social consequences and provide a system that was more fair in its treatment of the disabled. Prior to any legislation regarding special education, disabilities were generally viewed as a negative and the students were often shunted to areas outside the mainstream school system. One of the issues that have framed the special education debate in the last 30 years is the move towards inclusion. ... "outright denial of disability in some cases, illustrated by the contention that disability exists only in attitudes" (Kauffman, McGee, & Brigham, 2004, p.615). This has had the counter-productive effect of making a disability seem as something that does not matter. While this has had the positive effect of making regular classrooms more accessible to students, it has also minimized the challenge that faces these students. In many cases the past 30 years have seen attitudes change from discriminatory to indifference. The long-term outlook for special education in its current form could produce results that are the opposite of what it hopes to accomplish. Pratts (2000) states that " race and social class are being related to levels of academic achievement". This is only logical as we see poverty and family history placing many students at a disadvantage. This impacts the makeup of special education classes because "academic achievement is a strong predictor of referral and eventual placement in special education" (Hosp & Reschly, 2004, p.187). This has the potential to place a disproportionate number of students into special education based on socio-economic class. If the current movement of inclusion creates an environment of indifference, these students may become isolated and neglected. Public awareness of the realities of being disabled needs to be continually addressed. Without creating a proper public attitude towards special education, we may create a system that is less restrictive and mor e fair, but we also may cultivate an atmosphere of injustice. Feelings of awkwardness have often been a part of my own personal reaction to students with disabilities. In the past I was uncomfortable confronting their disabilities due to my confusion about whether or not they

How does the promotion strategy effect the customer purchase Literature review

How does the promotion strategy effect the customer purchase - Literature review Example Mela, Gupta and Lehmann (1997) discussed the long-term impact of promotions on brand performance. Even though, this article takes dependent variable as brand performance instead of customer purchase, it has been chosen because brand performance is, after all, a determinant of customer purchase. Mela, Gupta and Lehmann (1997) investigated the long-term impact of advertising and promotion on customer’s brand choice behavior. Customer’s brand choice behavior depended upon two decisive factors. i. Is there any response of customers on the variables of marketing mix such as product, price, place and promotion? ii. If so, are these changes related to the promotional policies of retailers and manufacturers? The results of the study revealed that in long run, price promotion makes both types of customers; loyal and non-loyal. In addition to that, Mela, Gupta and Lehmann (1997) concluded that advertising has good affect on consumers’ brand choice behavior whereas promotions have bad affect on the brand choice behavior of consumers (Mela, Gupta and Lehmann, 1997). Personalization, also known as customization, is the popular concept of marketing. It has become a necessity for many organizations. Savadkoohi (2012) conducted a study to investigate advantages and disadvantages of customization for companies as well as customers. The paper emphasized upon the personalized online promotions and its impact on consumers’ buying behavior. Savadkoohi (2012) concluded that the successful online personalization strategies can increase the buying behavior of the customers and thereby, can affect the companies’ profitability. Nowadays, online marketing, selling and promotion have become very common. Companies utilize the platform of internet in order to attract more customers. Ye, Haohong and Fei (2010) conducted a study to investigate the impact of sales promotion on C2C online shopping behavior of consumer. In order to examine the relationship between these variables, Ye, Haohong and Fei (2010) used an empirical method. The results of the st udy revealed that online promotion has direct influence on the attitude of customers but the intention of purchase is not significant. However, it might help in building a brand perception in minds of customers. Therefore, online promotion can be effective in increasing the brand awareness (Ye, Haohong and Fei, 2010). Modi and Jhulka (2012) conducted a study in order to measure the impact of promotional schemes on the buying behavior of consumers. Modi and Jhulka (2012) examined five types of promotional schemes, which included Festival Season Offers, Special Gift, Exchange Offer, Product Warranties and Contest Prizes. A questionnaire was constructed in order to perform the research and gather the relevant data. Chi square test was performed to test the null hypotheses. The results of the study revealed that promotional schemes can be proved as effective tool to organizations for selling their products. The authors further stated that promotional schemes can be very useful especiall y in the car purchasing decision of consumers (Modi and Jhulka, 2012). Costa, Epperson, Huang and McKissick (2002) conducted a study to determine the impact of advertising and promotion on the scanned purchases of Vidalia onion. Another aim of the study was to examine the expected return on expenditure of promotion. In order to gather the data of Vidalia onion, scanned copies from the supermarket were collected. Vidalia Onion Marketing Order generates the promotion expenditure. In order to carry out the research, Costa, Epperson, Huang and McKissick (2002) utilized error component model for 10 different markets for the period of 1996 to 2001. Results of the study revealed that advertising and promotion expenditures influenced the demand of Vidalia onion substantially over the research period. Keeping in mind the seasonality of Vidalia onion, more promotional activities can be done in order to increase the